Wednesday, July 31, 2019

Unit 1 Assignment 1 Windows 2008 Network Services

Unit 1 – Assignment 1 – Windows 2008 Network Services If you have a routed local area network and high-speed links that are fairly reliable, you might be able to use one DNS server for a larger, multiple sub-netted network area. If you have a high number of client nodes on a single subnet design, you might want to add more than one DNS server to the subnet to provide backup and failover if the preferred DNS server stops responding.When determining the number of DNS servers you need to use, assess the effect of zone transfers and DNS query traffic on slower links in your network. Although DNS is designed to help reduce broadcast traffic between local subnets, it does create some traffic between servers and clients that should be reviewed, particularly when used in complexly routed LAN or WAN environments. Consider the effects of zone transfer over slower speed links, like those typically used for a wide area network (WAN) connection.Windows 7 Check Your UnderstandingAlth ough the DNS Server service supports incremental zone transfers and DNS clients and servers can cache recently used names, traffic considerations are sometimes still an issue, particularly when DHCP leases are shortened and, as a result, dynamic updates in DNS are performed more frequently. One option for dealing with remote locations on WAN links is to set up a DNS server at these locations to provide caching-only DNS service. With most installations, you should have at least two server computers hosting each of your DNS zones for fault tolerance.DNS was designed to have two servers for each zone, one as a primary server and the other as a backup or secondary server. When making any final determinations about the number of servers to use, first assess the level of fault tolerance you need for your network. Because there is no fixed limit to the maximum number of clients a DHCP server can service or to the number of scopes you can create on a DHCP server, the primary factors to cons ider when you determine the number of DHCP servers to use are network architecture and server hardware.For example, in a single subnet environment, only one DHCP server is necessary, although you may want to use two servers or deploy a DHCP server cluster for increased fault tolerance. In multiple subnet environments, routers must forward DHCP messages between subnets, so router performance can affect your DHCP service. In both cases, DHCP server hardware affects service to clients.

Research Paper on Office Etiquette

Midterm Research Paper on Office Etiquette BUSI 472 Organizational Ethics Dr. Jack Brown, Professor Bill Williams Stop University April 17, 2010 As I get close to graduation, I think more about the skills I've developed here at Liberty University which one of most important skills is respect and consideration for coworkers. Office etiquette fosters leadership, quality of your business and enhances your career. Without proper office etiquette, you risk your image, limit your potential, and jeopardize relationships, which are fundamental to business success. Office etiquette is formally perceived as good manners, business executives have found that office etiquette enhances their success because it differentiates them in an aggressive market. Good office etiquette will allow you to be confident in a variety of situations. Before going any further in the discussion of the importance of office etiquette we should clarify the question. â€Å"What exactly is office etiquette? † This question can differ from person to person because of the perception of what office etiquette is. After reading the text I have come to the conclusion that office etiquette is about how to conducting yourself respectfully and courteously in your office. Some things to come up with that people overlook when it comes office etiquette. The first impression is probably the most important, because you are the ambassador of your office. You always should act professionally and honestly, wearing appropriate office attire, and being neat, clean and as conservative as the office requires. The attributes of office etiquette and good manners is to be respected and courteous at all times and everybody, good office etiquette is easily achieved with a little forethought and in practice.

Tuesday, July 30, 2019

Mao

Twentieth century has brought many revolutions on the face of the world. The century have seen a list of dictatorships, some constructive and others destructive. Leader principle, has however, been recognized as a basis of dictatorship. Chinese Revolution has been one of these mega revolutions of the twentieth century. The ultimate objective of the revolution was to bring China out of the ‘liberal bourgeoisie’, and the revolution was launched by the communist party under the supervison of great Mao Zedong. While discussiong the Chinese revolution, the great leap forward and the immediate infulence of the revlotuion, the role that Mao Zedong played as a leader cannot be ignored. Mao’s career examplifies the leader principle in a variety of styles. Being trained in a Chinese classics and later receiving the modern education, Zedong has deeeply observed the oppresive conditions of the society and aimed to nip the adversities in the bud. The reason behind the fact that people of China regard him as a symbol is his philosophy. The development of Maoist ideology was based on the foreign philosophical doctrines of Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin. Mao, however, sinified Marxism in an attempt to ensure unrealistic future growth (Cheek, Timothy). Though, following the Marxist school of thought for the betterment of the economic structure of the country Mao’s belief of dictatorship has also some great influences on his career. Every Communist must grasp the truth: Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun (Zedong Mao). This statement of Mao clearly mentions that, in order to bring a change in status quo, the importance of political power cannot be denied, and the political power lies in leader principle. Though Mao’s career has mostly been highlighted with reference to the great Chinese Revolution, but his efforts date from the foundation of Chinese Communist Party, then Mao during the Second World War, and of course the prominent figure of the Chinese Revolution. Mao’s personality following the leader principle during the Second World War has been highlighted mostly because of the policies of Chiang Kai Shek, the opposition leader who consumed all of his energies to fight the communists, instead of the invading Japanese forces. This gave a plus point to Mao in fact. After this Mao’s efforts to bring the economic equilibrium in the country with special reference to the Chinese Revolution, has emerged in the history as a milestone. Though the revolution has been aimed to nip the roots of socialism, and was certainly in the favor of masses, but it still faces some critiques. According to Timothy Cheek, The Great Leap Forward was a product of Mao’s utopian visions at the Beidaihe Conference in August 1958 (Cheek 160). The Great Leap Forward was in fact the ultimate outcome of Mao’s Marxist view. It resulted in the boost of industries on one hand pushing the production levels higher, but on the other hands the peasantry and the agriculture sector got neglected very badly, as most of the farmers and the peasants left the occupation and started making steel. Cheek further says that ‘people simply believed in Mao’ (Cheek xiv). This statement of Cheek is of contradictory nature. On one hand it gives an impression that, the policies of Mao have been much attractive for the people, and on the other hand it may reflect the essence of dictatorship, where by people have no other option. The twenty seven years of rule made Mao a different image in the history, combination of achievements and a bit flaws. One more important element in the career of Mao Zedong was the personality cult in 1968. This gave Mao the ultimate political power and according to some researches, he sent his disloyal official to the country side to work in the labour camps. In the same time Zedong ordered to the young intellectuals to move to the countryside in order to educate the masses at villages. This effort of Zedong has largely been appreciated among the Chinese and that is the reason they gave him a God-like status. The young intellectuals though ordered to move to the villages, were allowed to get back to the cities later. The Cultural Revolution, people’s access to criticize the social and cultural institutions, and the economic and the political development in China has largely been associated with Zedong’s principle leadership. His thought became the central operative guide for the people of China; they ignored the traditional art and ideas while praising his efforts. Though being so much praised, there are some other views as well. Cheek at one place says ‘Jiang and David Ashley purport that Mao’s revolutionary achievements allowed him to continue to command immense respect (Cheek, xiv). This may be true to some extent, but in general, if a leader moulds the society and the economy in a more productive way with a specific acceleration, the respect among masses is the only and biggest reward for him. Mao’s career entitled with a long list of achievements has not only led him to have the respect and a God like status, but to have his name as a great leader of the history as well. It’s reported that, on Mao’s death people have been found crying on the streets. Some experts rate Mao’s era with 70% success and 30% failure. So 70% success is not bad at all. And the leader leading the nation towards this success if given the God-like status is not a command respect in my opinion. Mao’s era entitled with the social and economic achievements, though criticized to a limited extent, makes him the best leader in the history of China. And while comparing the other dictatorships in the world during the twentieth century, he’s been the most respected and successful one. Â   Work Cited: 1- Cheek, Timothy. [2002] (2002). Mao Zedong and China's Revolutions: A Brief History with Documents. Palgrave Macmillan Publishing. ISBN 0312294298 Â   Â   Â   Â   Â   Â  

Monday, July 29, 2019

Behaviorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Behaviorism - Essay Example It is built upon certain observed characteristics of adults, which affect the way in which they learn and relate new information (Knowles et al, 2005). Due to the distinguishing characteristics of adult learners, certain psychological theories must be applied in order to maximise on learning potential which requires several actions to be taken, such as assessing the current state and needs of the learner, defining the end goal of instruction, and creating a systematic instructional format based upon this. To succeed, it is dependent upon pedagogically tested psychological theories, the principal approaches being behaviourism, cognitivism and constructivism. Primarily characterised by their individual interpretations of what constitutes ‘learning’ and how it occurs, these approaches provide instructors with verified strategies and techniques for facilitating learning. This essay will discuss the defining characteristics and necessary conditions for adult learning as postu lated by theorist Malcolm Knowles. It will then examine behaviourism, cognitivism and constructivism as general approaches to learning with particular emphasis on the superiority of constructivism in this context and how it can be applied to adult learning. One of the central principles which surround the teaching of adult learners is that of individual experience. â€Å"As a person matures he accumulates a growing reservoir of experience that becomes an increasing resource for learning† (Smith, 2011). Unlike children, adults have inevitably built up a wealth of personal experience which can be utilized in a way which can help learning, such as relating new information to previous experience, recalling previous experience, and/or using familiar examples to apply learning to unfamiliar concepts. Teaching strategies which build upon experiential learning will be an extension of everyday life (Knowles et al, 2005). Adult learners partake in a process which sees them reflect, dra w inference from and conceptualize, based upon previous individual experience. As this wealth of experience is seen as the richest resource of information for the learner, it must be pointed out that individual experience is fundamentally biased and of an entirely subjective nature. This implies that new information may be interpreted in different ways, which can be advantageous as it allows for new ideas and opinions, but can also have its disadvantages regarding personal bias. A second principle which is determined to be of special significance to adult learning is that of the self-concept. Within the paradigm of learning, self-concept relates to the movement of an individual’s perception of themselves as a self-directed person rather than being dependent upon others. Adults are viewed as being responsible and fully accountable for their own decisions and therefore must be treated as autonomous learners. Due to this perspective, autonomy is seen as vitally important for thi s theory. In its broadest sense, self-directed learning describes a set of actions in which potential learners take the initiative in identifying their learning needs and goals, and evaluating learning outcomes. The steps involved in working through such a process have generated several model which have since been re-imagined into a more interactive design which takes into account the nature and contextual elements of the learning (Cooper, 2009). Readiness to learn, or motivation to learn, is another

Sunday, July 28, 2019

Inventory Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Inventory - Assignment Example Both the goods and invoice were received in early 19X3, with the invoice being re ­corded at that time. (b) The above errors had an overall effect of overstating the balance of owner’s equity as at December 31, 19X2. In the first error, it is assumed that only the purchases journal was wrongly entered. The effect of understating cost is to an understatement of cost of goods sold, hence overstating the net income, which is part of owner’s equity. The ownership of goods purchased on F.O.B terms revert to the buyer immediately the seller delivers them to the port of delivery. It is therefore assumed that the goods were already on transit by the end of business on December 31, 19X2. Therefore the exclusion of this transaction had no effect on the cost of goods sold since it was neither included as purchases nor closing inventory. It will only affect the value of inventory in the balance sheet with no effect and accounts payable or cash. There is no effect on owner’s equity. Excluding $3,000 from the closing inventory in 19X1 means that the cost of goods sold was understated with the ending result being an overstatement of net income, hence owner’s equity. Since the amount was not included in 19X2, it means that sales revenue was recognized on these goods with no corresponding

Saturday, July 27, 2019

HUMAN RIGHTS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

HUMAN RIGHTS - Essay Example A charter was thus crafted that detailed the creation of the International Military Tribunal and the procedure to be followed during the trials. 2 Finally, the trials and the subsequent judgment handed down at the trials for such novel crimes as ‘crimes against humanity,’ ‘crimes against peace,’ (jus ad bellum) and ‘war crimes’ (jus in bello) committed during a state of war 3has established a precedent that became the models in recent cases like Rwanda and Yugoslavia. These judgments assailed, inter alia, on the grounds that they were based on a crime that was in the nature of ex-post facto law, were nevertheless just and fair considering the grievous crimes that were committed. The indictment of about 24 major defendants specified three kinds of crimes: crimes against peace, which included crimes of waging aggressive war, as opposed to self-defence, against other countries; war crimes, or crimes which violated the conduct of war in accordance with Article 46 of the Geneva Convention like â€Å"murder, ill-treatment, and deportation of populations in the conquered territories, the killing of hostages and prisoners of war, the seizing of private property, and the wanton destruction of villages, towns and cities,† and; crimes against humanity, or crimes committed before and during war like â€Å"murder, extermination, enslavement, deportation and other inhumane acts committed against civilian population.† Another crime, that of conspiracy, - the planned commission of the crimes by two or more persons - connected some of the crimes. After eight months of preparation, considered short for a major trial, the trial began on November 20, 1945. 4 To serve as evidence for the prosecution, the indictments came supported by testimonies, photographs and films – with the last two primarily coming from the Germans who obviously documented every atrocious deed they made with pride. The

Friday, July 26, 2019

Personal Essay leadership Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Personal leadership - Essay Example My definition of leadership in the past has been the ability to control and supervise individuals to do a certain task. This made me view individuals that were ranked higher than others to control the way forward of the group and situation as leaders. I was keen in the leadership of various presidents as they took control of millions of citizens by guiding them in decision making of policies for the nations. The decisions made by the presidents determined a lot whether the country was prepared for the dynamic future. It is apparent that my view of leadership was on what a person deed. In reference to the dimensional model about the four quadrants, my view of leadership was of the Q-3 quadrant. In the Q-3 quadrant I referred individual as leaders due to their warm and friendly approach. This is by keeping people happy and being smooth over conflict. My earlier ideal leader was a thoughtful person who before making decisions, he or she considered the impact of the decisions to the relevant people. Also, he was the person that others followed in terms of vision and mission of an organization. An ideal leader to me was the one ethical in her dealings, and this made him be a role model to others. It is evident that an ideal leader fought for the rights of his people one that I recall is Nelson Mandela. He stood his ground to fight for equality among the blacks and the whites. He obtained referent power, this is power based on subordinates identification with the leader. Nelson Mandela had influence because of charisma and reputation. The referent power made followers wish to be like him and be associated with him. A few years ago I interacted with a leader who was the CEO of an ICT company in Europe. At the time we met he had been in that position for three years. One thing I realized was that he was a dominator as he used the autocratic style of leadership. He led the

Thursday, July 25, 2019

Ethics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 11

Ethics - Assignment Example Human are increasingly becoming greedy. This way, the destroy nature to achieve personal gratifications. Question 4: I look forward to learn about preservation. In the midst of the foretold destruction, humans will have to preserve the resources. I therefore look forward to studying the role that preservation will play in saving the future of humanity. Question 5: Property rights do not and should not outweigh the long-term survival of nature. In fact, laws should always protect the long-term survival of nature. Nature sustains human among other forms of life. Question 6: Animals have rights too and the governments should always formulate appropriate laws to safeguard the rights of animals. Poaching has proven that human activities continue to threaten the survival of nature. Recognizing the rights of animals is the surest way to both preservation and conservation. Question 7: The society and culture is indeed ill. The claim provides a rational explanation to the fact that a human would hunt and annihilate rhinos, elephants and other rare wild cats just for money. Such wanton selfishness is a sign of illness of the human culture. Question 8: conservations and preservation of watershed boundaries is a feature of bioregionalism that promises hope for the biodiversity in nature. Bioregionalism provides effective ways of protecting the environment since it creates small and manageable portions of nature thereby making it easy for governments to protect and conserve nature. Question 9: Western mindset promises better environmental ideology. Such basic ideologies as regionalism and preservation are western and they both provide ways for humans to use nature to achieve their personal gratification while safeguarding nature. This way, both humanity and nature win. Question 10: The chaotic attractors in the modern society include pollution, which influences climatic change thereby causing numerous life threatening consequences. Pollution

The Power of Judicial Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Power of Judicial - Essay Example Judicial review refers to the authority of a court (the Supreme Court or its lower courts) to examine either an executive or legislative act whether it is lawful (constitutional) or not; if not, then the court declares such act as illegal and invalidates the said act as having no legal effect. It is a well-established legal doctrine by practice but it has not been adequately settled as an issue. There are two prevailing opinions on the supposed power of judicial review by the Supreme Court. The first view is that no such explicit powers had been granted or contemplated by the Founding Fathers since nowhere in the Constitution was such powers of judicial review clearly stipulated. The second and opposing view is that the Founding Fathers had intended to grant such powers of review but may have inadvertently omitted it by oversight or by mistake only. Opponents of judicial review cite Section II, Article III of the Constitution as not saying a power to review had been granted since wha t this section contains is merely a mention of judicial power (but not judicial review powers) while its advocates cite legal precedence in this regard. It had been decided when this issue came up in Marbury v. Madison (1803) when the U.S. Supreme Court for the very first time declared an act of Congress as unconstitutional. This act is declared illegal, hence this implies the power of judicial review by the Supreme Court. However, advocates of judicial review most often cite the article by Alexander Hamilton  in the Federalist (Paper No. 78) as the ultimate guide whether the Founding Fathers intended for a judicial review.  

Wednesday, July 24, 2019

English final Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

English final - Essay Example After the incident of the Fukushima catastrophe, authorities have of late come to reconsider the safety protocols and designs of nuclear reactors as a mode of becoming equipped for impending calamities in case they do occur. However, most of those charged with making policies contend that nuclear power is fundamental in bridging the energy insufficiency regularly experienced by most nations because of increasing needs for energy due to industrial development. The nuclear calamity at Fukushima has accentuated majority of the arguments and counterarguments concerning the dire need to accept and adopt nuclear energy (Pineda, 2013). This paper seeks to evaluate the viability of the use of nuclear energy as compared to the challenges that it presents to the contemporary world in both the United States and other nations. There are many impediments and challenges to nuclear power usage and adoption both within the United States and many other countries globally. ... Most people argue, which I agree with, that the use of nuclear energy has the potential to bring about climatic variations; nevertheless, there have remained apprehensions that despite its acceptance, energy costs are expected to upsurge which is a major public fear. Nuclear power setups have encountered resistance in the modern-day world owing to disagreement in relations to its safety that can be owed to reactors failure because of inadequate training, lack of or absence of maintenance, deprived designs and lack of adequate research relating to the complications bedeviling the plants. Similarly, the issue or problem of storing wastes from nuclear reactors has proven to be administratively problematic due to the environment conservational anxieties raised by nation-states and other troubled stakeholders (Gleason et al. 2001). I have already come across literature that suggests that many countries on planet earth have protested or expressed their suspicions that the wastewater emanat ing from the nuclear plants may possibly have reached into waterbodies, as a result polluting it and making it unfit for human consumption (Futami, 2013). In order to ensure that nuclear energy remains both a viable option for energy for the United States and other nations, governments have enacted nuclear programs that are multifaceted in nature. This means that the regulations and policies address the barriers and the challenges inhibiting the development of nuclear energy and ensuring its safety in terms of the health of human beings (Sidel & Levy, 2007). This has been achieved through the addressing of opportunities that aim at developing new technologies and the intellectual capital to shape the global nuclear energy policy and infrastructure.

Tuesday, July 23, 2019

Smart Home For The Aged Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10000 words

Smart Home For The Aged - Literature review Example The present smart home designs have shifted their focus from automating the physical activities of the elderly to the disciplining of their minds. They have turned into persuasive agents that focus much of their attention on making the elderly self-sufficient from their home space. Smart homes for the elderly focus on the management of everyday activities. Even though efficient, the act of delegating the management of household tasks to intelligent technological agents is set to experience a few vulnerabilities. Population aging is a common issue affecting most parts of the world. In fact, the generation of people aged 60 and above is expected to rise to surprising levels in the next few decades. The same age group makes up close to 11% of the total population in the world (Miller, 2012). The latest estimates indicate that over 22 percent of the population across the world will constitute those above 60 years of age by 2050 (Harper, 2003). The extraordinary pattern of expected changes has elicited a lot of concern in various countries due to a number of reasons. One major reason is that the elderly generation produces and contributes little to the economy as compared to the working-age population. Thus, the rate of economic growth is expected to be slow since a greater population will consist of the older generation. Another reason for alarm is that a greater segment of the population consisting of the elderly will require much support from the smaller percentage of adults who are economically active. Lastly, the elderly population will impose a huge burden on the economy due to their large number. The elderly need more medical care as compared to the younger generation and this can be expensive to the economy (Harper, 2003). However, the issue is of major concern to many countries across the world. The paper considers how the introduction of smart

Monday, July 22, 2019

Marketing Nike Essay Example for Free

Marketing Nike Essay Growing up there was one brand that all professional athletes used in my eyes, Nike. The Swoosh, was the icon that all kids had to have, and why not? All the big time players not only had it, but endorsed it. Ads, which had Michael â€Å"Air† Jordan, Bo Jackson, or Wayne Gretsky â€Å"The Great One† doing amazing physical feats, always, motivated the crowds. The Nike company new this, and blasted it marketing campaign through all sorts of media. In this essay I will break down this multi-billion dollar company’s marketing techniques in the areas of: customer value, promotional items, marketing’s four p’s of the marketing mix, the segmentation, targeting, and positioning (STP) approach to market the product, Customer Relationship Management (CRM), environmental trends, the largest customer base, its competitors, and ethical marketing for this corporation both stateside and overseas. Putting these athletes in the ads is just one way to build value for a company. From Ashford universities â€Å"Principle of Marketing† by â€Å"Sara White† We are introduced to marketing with the definition of marketing as â€Å"an activity designed to stimulate exchanges that have value for customers, partners, and society at large†. With this definition of marketing intact the question that still is out pondering is what is value? â€Å"Value was defined as the perceived trade-off between benefits and the sacrifice required to take possession of those benefits†. To break it down further we will look at customer value. Customer value is a title for the cost of a particular trade for the purchaser (buyer) instead of the company (seller). Looking into a selling Nike abroad, whatever a customer may pay in the United States may not be the same overseas. The first thing is to look at is how the current client group influences the market in the states. Nike had a humble start with creators Bill Bowerman and Phil Knight trying to improve on the track shoe of the day. The former â€Å"Blue Ribbon Sports Company† now known as Nike wanted to increase value into their product by having athletes endorses it. So they found the person that they thought would be the best at building future customer value, Steve Prefontaine. During his college time he never lost a race on his home track, and was exposed to national notoriety with is fourth place finish in Munich. This was one of their first successes in marketing. As popularity for their product rose the selected new sports models to display the shoes on the track. This really kicked of the sale of the shoes. Seeing how this success worked at their home setting, taking it to other countries should be no problem. Paving the way with athletes that had above average ability in their field was how Nike struck the marketing campaigned. Finding someone in another country that could spark the same influence over the masses would keep thing on track for Customer value overseas. This would all depend on what country we planned on taken our product to. The last thing that we are going to look at with customer value is the four utilities of customer value. The four utilities are: Form, Time, Place, and Ease of Possession. The form in the four utilities shows what effort Nike puts into their product that makes it desirable. Part of this desire is the quality and showmanship they place in every item. The other part is who they put in their invention. This was very clear in the mid-80 when Nike was the company that took on NBA rookie Michael Jordan, to represent their company’s goals. Being one of the leaders of in business, time is important. Nike put their product out when they need to. They also change it enough to keep things fresh. Time also goes along with place. Not only does the timing of releasing product play a huge role, the place does as well. Lastly, ease of possession is just that, how easy will it be to get the product. Included in this is can I get my item fixed or replaced easily also. With internet available in almost everyone’s pocket from smartphones to tablets getting Nike’s items have become very accessible. With ease of possession we have to look at what trends are working or not, so that we may fix them. Understanding these four utilities just scratches the surface of what we need to know. To be more in-depth with a strategy we must look at the targeting and market mix portion of promoting. In order to utilize the four utilities properly we must look at the STP approach of marketing. This Approach involves segmentation, targeting, and positioning looks at what a byer values. â€Å"Segmentation can be defined as the process of splitting a market into smaller groups with similar product needs or identifiable characteristics, for the purpose of selecting appropriate target markets. Targeting (or target market selection) refers to: An organization’s proactive selection of a suitable market segment (or segments) with the intention of heavily focusing the firm’s marketing offers and activities towards this group of related consumers. And positioning (which is sometimes referred to as product positioning) is: Positioning is the target market’s perception of the product’s key benefits and features, relative to the offerings of competitive products. † With the number of competitors only the rise it is important for an organization to forecast what the consumers buying trends are. Nike, although one of the largest establishments in their field, they still are not untouchable. They have to stay a success by continually improving on the products. Nike leads the way with new technology that innovate all sports. In the late 80’s the introduction of Nike air did this well. Again they launched a promotional campaign that introduced a series of ads by Bo Jackson one of the top athletes at the time. They saw the future of what their clients wanted, Air. It was the first shoe out on the market with air in the sole. Following the marketing targeting set at this point propelled them ahead of their competitors. To stay ahead of the game the implementation of the four P’s is the next tool to evolve business plan. The four P’s that come from the widely used â€Å"marketing mix† developed in the 60’s includes production, price, place and promotion. â€Å"Product: The combination of tangible goods, services, and beliefs offered at a specific price. † To stay on the breaking edge of athletic gear with rivals on your heels they have to produce a â€Å"product† that reaches the masses. The creations did just that, they made it tangible for all with a specific price. â€Å"Price: The amount of money or other consideration a customer must exchange for the offering. † Nikes merchandise because it was ahead of others cost a little more. At the same time they could justify their cost due to the fact the merchandise operated better than anyone else’s. â€Å"Place: The strategy by which a company gets the right goods in the right quantity to the right place. † Because Phil and Bill both had roots on the west coast mainly Oregon, this is where the perfect place to offer the product out of was. Now, a global sensation you can get it from any corner of the world. â€Å"Promotion: The advertising and selling activity a company undertakes to create demand for the offering . † The only real way to endorse this type of product is to show the benefits in different people that use it. This not only sums up the four P’s but gives examples of how it applies to this enterprise. While putting all of these aspects together there has to be a way to track certain trends to be more productive. This can be done by customer relationship management or CRM system. CRM is a good tool to utilize once your product has hit the market. This system tracks the companies’ relationship with the purchaser. The data collected will be from sale and overall marketing . Some items that might be pulled from this information are demographics of the individual buying an item. This is so important to direct and promote ads to those that will actually be utilizing them. When I got my first pair of Nike shoes I was stoked. They were everything that I wanted and more. I was fast to show them to my friends. At that point I would have done anything that Nike asked me to (I was a typical kid). Inside the box was a card and at the time I did not understand what it for. It had questions on it like race, age, sports that I played in at school level†¦etc. This was there way of finding out who is buying their goods. Some places will add in rewards or freebies to get their customer feedback. This information can also give feedback on when to promote certain items so that there will be a larger return. Now that all the information is being tracked and fixed, we can now see how it does abroad. In the 90’s Nike wanted to figure out how to reach an even larger fan base. Soccer was the ticket to gain that popularity not only in one country but almost every country in the world. At the point of taking production to another country the process of building customer value and marketing kind of starts over. Knowing this Nike took players from the World Cup-winning Brazilian National team. They redesigned the uniforms and pulled in some US teams as well . This organization could go a little farther by endorsing other sports as well. One of the most important things about going into other countries with this appeal line is to see what effects it has on the area. From â€Å"Principles of Marketing† by â€Å"White† there are a couple of things that affect the marketing environment. The acts that affect the environment are actors and forces . They both exist in two different categories Micro environment and Macro environment. In Micro-environment actors are individuals like: stockholders, board members, competitors, public, and customers . In this category there are also forces which include: Strategic moves by, competitors, Channel partners, Changes in consumer behavior . Macro- environment deals actors with leaders in Culture/society, Politic, Economics, Technology development, Finance and Law . Forces in Macro-environment are; globalization, Technology and media . Let’s see how this looks with Nike. If Nike is to be a success in other countries they have to know how they are going to affect the environment where they go. They also need to know how other countries can affect them. An example of this would be in the Middle East females are not treated as equals. Therefore it would not be a good idea to start up only female sporting lines there. Another example of how they could be affected by the environment is the culture is different that the US, some countries that would use their product cannot afford American prices. This would cause a new marketing scheme. A good place to start is checking the CRM to see what trends these cultures prefer. So currently who is Nike’s biggest byer? Nike hits such a wide range of sports, from their start in track, to sponsoring golfer Eldrick â€Å"Tiger† Woods. Almost every sport today has some kind of influence from Nike. The largest in today’s market is probably the NFL. The National football league has just signed up Nike to create some new gear for this 2012 – 2013 season. The great thing about Nike is it now has sister labels that produce more than just athletic products. â€Å"A significant event in Cole Haan’s timelines happened in 1988 when Nike acquired Cole Haan . Thence, international flagship stores and more outlets opened making the reach to influence the use of quality and fashionable footwear become broader and wider . † â€Å"Then the technology of Nike Air was incorporated in the design of women’s shoes which made a mark on Cole Haan’s emphasis on providing comfort and protection not only for men but also for women. This was the first at that time and the demand for Cole Haan shoes continued to rise . † Nike seems to be unstoppable but they are only a small percentage of the market. There are so many different shoe companies out there today. If an individual can get it in the States they can get overseas via the internet. A few brands that compete with Nike are: Reebok, Adidas, Asics, and New balance. But they are not close to the company that distributes to over 170 countries. Unfortunately although Nike from the stand point of business is a great company they have a dark side also. Ethics is gaining power in the business world. People are tired of seeing cooperation’s destroy morale of the world and marketing is no different. There is a responsibility to the public to give honest communications and things that are not going further corrupt children mind. A lot of marketers will play to children’s weaknesses. Rebecca Clay wrote an article on advertising to children. The article goes on to explain that children’s psyches are not to the level to decipher fact from fiction. This weakness is exploded and ads well over load kids with ideas of toys and games that they do not need nor should they have. One case of unethical marketing goes deeper than what we can see. It was what was going on behind the curtains. According to† Mail Online† that put out an article on Nike, about the treatment in the converse factory . They continue on to say that the employees are under paid, making around 50 cents an hour. Terminology such as; dog or pig from supervisors are thrown around in a derogatory way. This is a decade after Nike came under fire for their child labor seat shops in Indonesia. Should something be done to this marketing tycoon? Some kind of apology should come to the public not only in America but to the world. This is part of their obligation to the society has a whole. As kids we can be drawn into many different that catch our attention. Mine, like many juveniles was following the dream of growing up to become a professional athlete. It was the lifestyle at the time that seemed effort less. Nike open my eyes to this more than probably any other brand. The slogan† Just do It† was what I needed to pursue my goals. For a while it felt as though they were not just talking about sports but life who knows maybe they are. Whatever it may be there marketing plan from the start of the back of a trunk; to multibillion dollar cooperation is one of the best. Going through the marketing world with Nike we covered the following: customer value, promotional items, marketing’s four p’s of the marketing mix, the segmentation, targeting, and positioning (STP) approach to market the product, Customer Relationship Management (CRM), environmental trends, the largest customer base, its competitors, and ethical marketing for this corporation both stateside and overseas. References: (n. d. ). Clay, R. A. (2000, September). Advertising to children is it ehtical. Retrieved Jan 11, 2013, from American Phychological Association: http://www. apa. org/monitor/sep00/advertising. aspx Fripp, G. (2012). .segmentationstudyguide. Retrieved Jan 14, 2013, from www. segmentationstudyguide. com Reporter, D. M. (2011, July 13). Mail Online. Retrieved Jan 13, 2013, from daily mail: http://www. dailymail. co. uk/news/article-2014325/Nike-workers-kicked-slapped-verbally-abused-factories-making-Converse-line-Indonesia. html uknown. (2011). History Heritage . Retrieved 01 10, 2013, from Nike, inc : http://nikeinc. com/pages/history-heritage unknown. (2013). A History of Cole Haan. Retrieved jan 13, 2013, from Shoe metro delivering sole satisfaction: http://www. shoemetro. com/t-history-of-cole-haan. aspx unknown. (2013, jan 13). Forbes: profile and News. Retrieved Jan 2013, 2013, from Forbes. com: http://www. forbes. com/companies/nike/ White, S. (2012). Principles of Marketing. San Diego: Bridgepoint Education,inc.

Sunday, July 21, 2019

Women Homelessness And Domestic Violence Social Work Essay

Women Homelessness And Domestic Violence Social Work Essay The first part of the review outlines key research findings on the statistics of domestic violence, explanatory theories, factors associated with vulnerability, women are more likely to experience domestic violence, with repeat victimisation and more likely to end up homeless, with profound pyhsical, social and psychological effects in their lives. Most women with the experience of domestic violence, return to their abusers and repeat the circle of homelessness. The second part of the project presents evidence from the government, local authorities, a range of initiatives and partnerships are working together to tackle domestic violence, through established strategies and policies, to develop interventions to tackle the underlining problems of homelessness, by providing a safe route to re-housing and working in partnership to increase safe accommodations for women, escaping from domestic violence (Caramel, 2002 -no such source). Evidence on criminal justice responses in particular, a nd their effects on victims. The project was developed by identifying recent relevant research through online searches of the Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts and other abstracts databases and other relevant text books from various libraries, also by following up key references texts. Particular research has been paid to available UK research pacifically (?) within homelessness, but much published literature on domestic violence is North America in origin. Homeless women who are victims of domestic violence In England, women make up 30% of clients of homelessness services. Research conducted by Crisis showed that over 20% of women became homeless to escape from the domestic violence. (Crisis, 2009). Domestic violence has the highest rate of repeat victimisation of any crime; over 40% are reported as a victim of domestic violence. (Caramel, 2002). no such source In 2002 to 2003 129,000 applicants were accepted as homeless and in priority need, and increased by 10% in the previous year. This is old data Data carried out by the British Crime Surrey, indicate that 57% of those who have been a victim of domestic violence, are then a victim of domestic violence again. (Crisis, 2009)Not on the web-site. Walby and Allen, 2009 state that three-quarters of women (all women?) have been the victims of domestic violence. The worst possible cases of domestic violence, rage from all types of violence, one in five women have been the victims of domestic violence, the levels of domestic violence are extremely high, a third of female victims were subject to more than three incidents of domestic violence , which is subject to the worst incident experienced by women. Are we talking about all women or homeless women? Males Hague (1997) identify why women are more likely to experience domestic violence due to unequal power relationships between men and women, when relationships become violent, a women will leave her home because of the violence. All the time? Also by the homelessness legislation, which has been changed? ?(Males Hague (1997. p.397). The Home Office illustrate that all information gathered from the surrey regarding domestic violence carried out by the British Crime Surrey, indicate other inter-personal violence experienced by victims, for example these include sexual assaults, repeated victimisation, and the possibilities of seeking out-side help such as help from the police and other agencies. The overall results from the surrey provides useful information for policy makers, practitioners and criminal justice system, professionals in the challenge to reduce these forms of violence connected with domestic violence. (Walby and Allen. 2004). The policy development to address domestic violence is based on three elements; these include preventing violence from happening in the first place, protection and justice, making sure that the justice system provides adequate protection for victims and brings offenders to justice, and most importantly available support, providing adequate housing support to victims to build th eir lives. (Walby and Allen, 2004). You needed to relate all the materials to homelessness, Where is the logic here? Netto et al.2009) supplement their own data obtained throughout their own studies relating to the Sanctuary model. This refers to sanctuary schemes which support women facing homelessness due to domestic violence to remain in their current residence in order to be protected against attack from outside the home. The study will compare and contrast ( why are you reporting a study that has not yet been conducted?) different women that have used the sanctuary services, for the purpose to draw some qualitative data from the study, which allow us to get some data on the victims of domestic violence. However the data related to women from different ethnic groups and the scale of domestic violence was increasingly high. (was it conducted or not?) Local authorities fulfil their obligation to homeless women Local authorities fulfil their obligations to homeless women by statutory and operational level to provide the right service. Many local authorities and multi-agencies are working in partnership to support victims of domestic violence becoming homeless, but there is still more practice needed between multi-agencies (?) and the need for more trained staff. Local authorities have been particularly responsive to these initiatives (Hague 1999). Multi-agency initiatives have advantages in representing a valuable area for debate about the social meaning of domestic violence and the development of services. The ideology for setting up multi-agency initiatives on domestic violence was influenced by the increasing international scope of the movement of domestic violence, such as the United Nations. (? UN is an international organisation not a movement)However the multi-agency coordination was recommended by a number of people, including civil libertarians (?) and feminist activists, majority of initiatives were set up by groups of agencies, such as Womens Aid groups and many other organisations. The positive elements of multi-agencies initiatives lies lie in the commitment in working in partnership between agencies, and can lead to an emphasis on empowerment and support. Multi-agency initiatives could be of a major importance in the future in relation to strategies and policies of building awareness about domestic violence and its consequences in increasing womens safety and in developing and coordinating effective and wide reaching services in decision-making and making priorities. (Radford el al, 2002 p.129). How is this para related to multi-agency work? Essentially local authority departments were required to satisfy themselves that people who applied for housing were effectively homeless, had a priority need and were not intentionally homeless. Only people who satisfied the relevant criteria were entitled to accommodation. Although no housing minister has said he wants to limit womens ability to escape domestic violence, ideological factors significantly influence how governments and local authorities define and respond to the problems of homelessness. Legislative definitions of homelessness are problematic as they define the governments responsibility in a legal sense. However, Loveland (1994) argues, such discretion-laden criteria would encourage many councils to minimise, if not evade their obligations. (Loveland, 1994, p.369) Even though Local authorities obtain a statutory responsibility for tackling homelessness, despite all the criticisms they face in regards to the services they offer for homeless people. Nevertheless, many local authorities are using techniques to avoid their responsibilities mainly on the grounds that, a women maybe pressurized into accepting such help without being property informed of their legal rights ( Netto et al, 2009). This argument can relate to the fact that, having left their accommodation due to legitimate fear of domestic violence, a women with children or pregnant is legally entitled to be re-housed by the local authority. The governments risk assessment states, a women who is encouraged to stay in her current home, rather being replaced with another alterative accommodation can be in danger of continuous violence. Further research conducted by Crisis found that the majority of homeless women were turned away by local authoritys front-line staff from making a homelessn ess application. Most women, who had negative experience, never approached their local authorities again for help again. (Crisis, 2009).not there There are particular Housing Associations and local councils that provide support and resources for homeless women, they are responsible for offering a priority need to a vulnerable person, threatened with violence and no-longer can stay in the household due to continuous violence. However (?) the council has a responsibility to help people who become homeless, and the obligation to found an emergency accommodation for a vulnerable person faced with violence. In no circumstances the council can not send a vulnerable person back to an area of constant violence. (Shelter, 2005). Women experiencing domestic violence often use the homelessness route to re-housing, but this should not be seen as the only option, but local authorities carefully provide support for homeless women. Emergency accommodations are provided by various organisations, and statistics show that most women who are given emergencies are affected with domestic violence. Local authority hostels may provide a more supportive environment and most have a policy of not accepting people who have a history of violence. However, some hostels are used by diverse groups and because it accommodates people with domestic violence. It is important that strict procedures are followed to keep information confidential, because most women are in threatening situations, therefore security and safety needs to be taken into consideration by local authorities. The best way of providing support, security and, in most cases, better facilities. Unfinished sentence However, there is a clear need for increased refuge a ccommodation as London does not meet recommended provision of one family space per 10,000 of the population. The pressure on existing refuges means that many women are unable to access a place. (Homes for Londons Women Mayor of London, 2005). Why do you suddenly move to discuss refugees? 1985, 1996 and 2001 Housing Acts relation to battered women. The Housing Act 1985 gave homeless women some legal rights, but limited as (?) womens chances of been re-housed and the few options that are available to them are commonly unsuitable. However women had been the invisible homeless, frequenting staying in violent relationships, which has caused them to be homeless, and with the limited help from the Housing Act 1985. There is no logic in this para you need first to describe the legislation and then critique itThe legislation failed to the increasing problem of homelessness and therefore women continued to suffer domestic violence, purely because of the lack of alternatives. (Logan, 1986). Vulnerable women are covered by part 3 of the 1985 Housing Act (Hallett, 1996 P.66). Part of the Act placed duties on local housing authorities to help homeless people, but the Act only granted priority need to certain people. (Royal College of Physicians, 1994). The legislation failed to the increasing problem of homelessness and therefore women cont inued to suffer domestic violence, purely because of the lack of alternatives. (Logan, 1986). The new Housing Act 1996 has bought (?) few changes; it updates provisions in the Housing Associations Act 1985. In accordance to domestic violence, the new act has introduced a new discretionary ground for a violent partner who has forced the other partner to leave the home and the court is satisfied that the abused partner is unlikely to return. Unclear (Cowan. 1996, p.128). Furthermore the Act gives the local authorities power to promote in regards to the existing legislation, where local authorities have analogous powers in relation to housing associations even though few of these only apply to registered associations.unclear (1996, p.26). The new law (It is not new) weakens existing homelessness legislation, therefore the new law brought about many challenging difficulties within local authorities to provide accommodation for homeless households. (Males Hague (1997). Pascal (et.al 2001) suggests, the Conservative family agenda was driven by fears that the, homelessness legislation encouraged teenage pregnancy, family breakdown and all the other ills that were thought to flow from the increasing numbers of lone mothers (Pascal, et.al, 2001, p.298). Consequently, the Housing Act 1996 removed the right to permanent housing for homeless applicants and replaced it with a right to temporary housing for roofless people and reduced the governments statutory responsibility. Nevertheless, the 2001 Housing Act made a priority need for housing for a person who is vulnerable as a result of ceasing to occupy accommodation by reason of violence from another person or threats of violence from another person which are likely to be carried out. (Delahay 2002). There is nothing on Homelessness Act 2002! Women rough sleepers, experiences they face on the street Crisis research shows that whilst 60% of homeless women have slept rough, only 12%t had engaged with street outreach teams. 40% of homeless women reported having been excluded from a service and 10% were not using any service. 70% had become homeless to escape violence from a partner, yet less than a third of woman have negative experiences of approaching local authorities. In comparison with male rough sleepers, only 6% of males are reported to be sleeping rough from experiences of domestic violence. Nevertheless, rough sleeping is extremely dangerous for homeless women and they are vulnerable to been physically attacked and sexually assaulted. Women are drawn to these dangers by been invisible and insolated in hidden locations away from public streets. Numerous homeless women are known for engaging in unwanted sexual liaisons in order to secure accommodations, such as prostitution to earn money for drugs or other habits. (Crisis, 2009). Not there When looking at this in a wider sca le, women who are rough sleepers are mainly associated with many types of problems. These problems can be related to emotional difficulties that come from domestic violence, and can be treatable that lead to recovering with the right support. However policy guidelines have been published by the local government in order to evaluate the extent of rough sleeping, this will help local authorities, in partnership with other agencies, to carry out a court of people sleeping rough in the area. (Brooke, 2009). Charles (1995) argues, the refuge movement now known, as Womens Aid has been instrumental in effecting changes, which grant certain rights to women threatened with domestic violence. The Womens Aid also provides various supports, on how to get legal advice such as solicitors that specialise in domestic violence cases. (The Gresham Press Surrey, 1998, p.11). obscure source There are many refuges available to women escaping from domestic violence. A refuge is a house where women can get away from domestic violence , a women who has experienced physical, psychological or financial violence or other forms of violences can be taken into a womens refuge. (Women Aid, 2009). Women refuges. Pahl,( 1978) states that a refuge should be seen as a place offering different help to different women, and a place where women can feel secure and at the same time, a women should be supported to find a more suitable place, as quickly as possible. The policy recommendations emphasis, that a refuge should be a place where women do not have to lose their rights in order to be re-housed. Battered women, with or without children should stay in the refuge as long as they wish, housing needs for battered women should be treated urgently. However women are no longer called battered women, instead women suffering from domestic violence. The Salvation Army is one of the largest providers of refuges for homeless women across the UK. They have refuges for women, with life- changing services that dramatically change a womens self-esteem while staying at the hostel. The Salvation Army provides emergency accommodations, and statistics show that most women who are given emergencies are affected with domestic violence. (Salvation Army, 2009). Not in your references Local authority hostels may provide a more supportive environment and most have a policy of not accepting people who have a history of violence. However, some hostels are used by diverse groups and because it accommodates for people suffering from domestic violence. It is important that strict procedures are followed to keep information confidential, because most women are in threatening situations. However security and safety needs to be taken into consideration by local authorities. The best way of providing support, security and, in most cases, better faciliti es. However, there is a clear need for increased refuge accommodation as London does not meet recommended provision of one family space per 10,000 of the population. The pressure on existing refuges means that many women are unable to access a place. (Homes for Londons Women Mayor of London, 2005). Not in your references Women more a risk of homelessness now than 20 years ago, has domestic violence changed over the years. Over the last twenty years homelessness has always existed, with the history of safe housing provision for women in the UK and the influence of the Womens Aid movement, the role of local authorities and the influence of the Conservative governments, which then lead to the New Labour government, in changes for women in homelessness. Unclear Also the womens movement in the 1970s, and before this movement came, women leaving a violent partner can only get support from a family member or a friend. What does it mean?(Morley 2000). The womens movement over the years has influenced and supported womens rights, with a few houses (?) offering sanctuary to women organised on self-help principles. Somerville (2000) notes the influence of the movement upon public perceptions of domestic violence that led to major changes in public policy. However, whilst the 1990s have been regarded as a period of significant development in terms of public awareness of domestic violence (Hague 1999) unfinished sentence.The Housing Act (1996) has been seen by some as a step backwards. Youve already discussed this Act.This legislation removed the right of those defined as statutorily homeless to be housed permanently. Local authorities can only offer permanent accommodation to those registered on the council housing list; those escaping domestic violence are now merely entitled to temporary accommodation. The legislation gave local authorities the power to refuse housing to any person believed to have suitable accommodation elsewhere; this especially affects women from ethnic minority groups who could be assessed as having access to housing in another country (Harwin and Brown 2000). Obviously, this had consequences for many made homeless as a result of violence. You need to look at the Homelessness Act 2002. The recognition of domestic violence that leads to all types of abuse have been strengthened by womens movements, state, and multi-agency initiatives, by creating a new service and developing policies in order to respond to abused womens needs. (repetition) Also with the new policies and womens refuge organizations its safe to say that women are safer than 20 years ago. (Skinner el al, 2005). Feminists activists have campaigned for developed organizations that have successfully challenged social institutions for failing to protect women.what does this mean? However (?) battered womens advocates have publicized their criticism of police departments, courts and the law has reinforced legislations for the criminal justice to respond. Criminal justice system has been criticized by battered women and their advocates for not providing enough protection to victims of violence. (Pauline, 1993). The feminist movement examined and politicized all aspects of womens lives. (Pauline, 1993 P.148). Feminist developed organizations to end gender discrimination and assaults on women as well as many other dilemmas. Majority of these organizations focused on protecting women, by ensuring safety at home also battered womens shelters. (there is no logic in this paragraph) In todays society there are vulnerary (?) and statutory sectors with experiences of women service users and professional staff, for example, until recently the focus in the UK was domestic violence. What does it mean? This relies on the success of womens groups, and organizations placing domestic violence on the agenda and influencing non-statutory bodies and statutory sectors and agencies. In order to achieve what domestic violence was focused upon, since feminist actives ? have overcome difficulties in the violence against women. (Pauline, 1993). Many organizations such as Womens Aid in regards to their influential movement in the 80s, which created a growing visibility of domestic violence in public and media campaigns. By the 1990s central government and statutory agencies had began to play a more direct role, practically at a local level and in relation to domestic violence, where there was policy of multi-agency intervention. Youve said all this already. Over the emerging years there was a new legislation from the mid- 90, which was a civil protection orders for domestic violence, this was the Family Law Act 1996. With the new labour government introduced in 1997, issues concerning domestic violence had gradually moved towards the mainstream. (Skinner el al, 2005). However it began by developing new policies, aimed at uprising ? intervention strategy on violence against women, one particular policy was Womens Unit 1999 and focused on domestic violence. Furthermore, this emphasis by state and multi-agencies ? on domestic violence had both negative and positive consequences (why?) , but on the other hand it can be seen as a way of success of pressure from womens organizations and feminists that violence against women should be taken seriously. (author 2005). The positive approaches in tackling violence against women starts with government funding for projects in order to support and end domestic violence. (Skinner, 2005). This is very vague Males Hague (1997) suggest that the high increase in homelessness this is old data defines the changing of the government policies and shrinking public provision within the UK. According to studies were carried out, indicating that violence was associated with domestic situations that women experienced. In the study womens feelings and about the process they went through within their previous experience of domestic violence and how they obtained safe accommodation. Where is the logic here? Males Hague (1997, p.398).A woman whose relationship ends through domestic violence and her only option are to avoid the long-term of homelessness. Many other elements are also connected in finding an alternative solution to the various problems, these all depend on whether a women faced with violence from her husband, she then needs to take legal action against him. The legal actions are getting a court order (injunction), this means removing a violent person from the home. Another court order a w omen can apply for is Non-molestation orders; this orders the violent person, not to assault, harass or molest her in any way, or to allow his friends or family to do. (The Gresham Press Surrey, 1998, p.10). This paragraph makes little sense Conclusion This literature review has focused on those women who are accepted as being priority need in the system. Although women with the experience of domestic violence face a tragedy of homelessness despite the significant advances in policy and legislation, its fair to say that homeless women continue to endure unpleasant situations and are not getting the right support they require. In conclusion to women who become homeless are at substantially greater risk of rough sleeping on the streets, which then results in dangerous situations where a woman has no other alternative but to adapt to the dilemmas of the streets. Despite, the help from local authorities and multi-agencies, there are still a high number of homeless women. According to various statistics the number of victims of domestic violence has risen over the years, which then increases homelessness significantly. All these institutions are aimed at working with women to reduce violence domestic (?), by providing the right services for women. Although homelessness legislation has changed over the years, it provides a crucial route to secure housing for homeless women. Crisis believes that by paying attention to the needs of homeless women they will provide the right services to reduce homelessness. This must be your conclusion, not Crisiss. In the past womens movements have campaigned for womens rights and have influenced organisations as well as creating many women organisations thats why society today goes a long way in supporting women, such as the Womens Aid organisation. Women are no longer oppressed in society and have the right to seek legal advice and support, a woman is no longer limited by society and is given much more legal protection against domestic assaults. Marjory of the organisations run by the government and vulnerary organisations all aim to deliver services that help women leave their abusers and leave their homelessness behind. (Crisis, 2009). Not there

Foreign Exchange Risk Management Analysis

Foreign Exchange Risk Management Analysis Chapter 1 Introduction This chapter will introduce the reader to the subject at hand and why the chosen research area is of interest and relevance for further development. Finally, the chapter includes a problem discussion, which in turn ends up in the research purpose of the thesis. 1.1 Background of the Study The deepening of globalization process has led to an increase in foreign exchange transactions in international financial markets. This has determined a higher volatility of exchange rates, and, implicitly, an increased foreign exchange risk. There are many types of risks, but only few of them can bring losses as large as foreign exchange risk. In these conditions, the development of new modern and effective methods for managing foreign exchange risk becomes a great necessity for the players in international financial activity. Foreign exchange risk management is crucial for companies frequently trading in the international market. Empirical research shows that profits of multinational companies are affected by volatile floating foreign exchange rates. Nevertheless, small firms trading exclusively on their domestic markets also become increasingly exposed to foreign currency fluctuations. Actually, small firms depend on the volatility of the main currencies because many of them out-source their production to foreign countries. This means that they incur costs in a foreign currency (wages, taxes, material, etc.) and they also need to manage this exposure. Other small firms are exposed indirectly given that their strategic position can be affected by volatile FX rates. By definition, all entrepreneurial activities incur risks, and coping with risk has therefore always been an important managerial function. In recent years, however, risk management has received increasing attention in both corporate practice and the literature. This is particularly true for the management of financial risks, i.e. the management of foreign exchange risk, interest rate risk and other financial market risks. A major reason for this is the development of markets for derivative financial instruments. Forward contracts, futures, options, swaps and other, more complex financial instruments today allow firms to transfer risks to other economic agents who are better able, or more willing, to bear them. In 1971, the Bretton Woods system of administering fixed foreign exchange rates was abolished in favour of market-determination of foreign exchange rates; a regime of fluctuating exchange rates was introduced. Besides market-determined fluctuations, there was a lot of volatility in other markets around the world owing to increased inflation and the oil shock. Corporates struggled to cope with the uncertainty in profits, cash flows and future costs. It was then that financial derivatives foreign currency, interest rate, and commodity derivatives emerged as means of managing risks facing corporations. The interest in the potential vulnerability of multinational firms to foreign exchange rate risk is heightened by the wide currency fluctuations experienced during the last few decades and this issue has engendered a considerable amount of research (Muller, A., Verschoor, W.F.C. 2006). In India, exchange rates were deregulated and were allowed to be determined by markets in 1993. The economic liberalization of the early nineties facilitated the introduction of derivatives based on interest rates and foreign exchange. However derivative use is still a highly regulated area due to the partial convertibility of the rupee. Currently forwards, swaps and options are available in India and the use of foreign currency derivatives is permitted for hedging purposes only (Giddy et.al. 1992). 1.2 Problem Statement Transaction exposure to foreign exchange risk results from the effect of (unanticipated) changes in the spot exchange rate on the base currency value of foreign currency cash flows (contractual payables and receivables). Financial hedging of transaction exposure is implemented by taking an opposite position (to the spot position) on a currency derivate (such as forwards, futures and options) or by using money market hedging. In some cases, however, financial hedging may not be possible or it may be too expensive. For example, forwards, futures, and options may not be available for some currencies or for long maturities, and it may not be possible to obtain credit lines in certain currencies (which precludes money market hedging). This observation is particularly valid for countries where financial markets are rudimentary. If a firm facing (transaction) exposure to foreign exchange risk cannot indulge in financial hedging, it may resort to the operational hedging techniques of risk sharing and currency collars, which can be implemented by using customised hedge contracts embedded in the underlying trade contracts. Under a risk sharing arrangement, the benefits accruing to one party of a transaction as a result of a favourable change in the exchange rate (which is necessarily an unfavourable change for the other party) are shared by the two parties. A currency collar, on the other hand, is used to set a minimum value for the base currency value of cash flows at the expense of setting a maximum value. Thus, it involves a trade-off between potential loss and potential gain. The unpredictability of forex market may erode or even eliminate the profit margin built into an international sale at the time the sale was carried out, when selling on terms of weeks and even months. Foreign exchange rate keeps on fluctuating and they depend upon the market forces of demand and supply (Platt, G. 2007). Hedging refers to managing risk to an extent that makes it bearable. In international trade and dealings foreign exchange play an important role. Fluctuations in the foreign exchange rate can have significant impact on business decisions and outcomes. Many international trade and business dealings are shelved or become unworthy due to significant exchange rate risk embedded in them. Historically, the foremost instrument used for exchange rate risk management is the forward contract. Forward contracts are customized agreements between two parties to fix the exchange rate for a future transaction. This simple arrangement would easily eliminate exchange rate risk, but it has some shortcomings, particularly getting a counter party who would agree to fix the future rate for the amount and time period in question may not be easy. In India many businesses are not even aware that some banks do provide forward rate arrangements as a service to their customers. By entering into a forward rate agreement with a bank, the businessman simply transfers the risk to the bank, which will now have to bear this risk. Of course the bank in turn may have to do some kind of arrangement to manage this risk. Forward contracts are somewhat less familiar, probably because there exists no formal trading facilities, building or even regulating body. 1.3 Research Objectives and Questions There is a need to identify, quantify, and evaluate a firms risk exposure and to choose appropriate procurement strategies. The general objective of this study is to incorporate procurement and marketing decisions into a single hedging model, considering risk factors typically faced by firms in the textiles and garment industry. There are several reasons to explain why foreign risk management has gained in popularity over the last decades. The most important reason lies in the increased volatility of exchange rates, interest rates, and commodity prices, causing firms cash flows to become more uncertain. Secondly, firms tend to focus more on their core business, which makes them less diversified. As a consequence, the volatility of firms cash flows may increase. A third reason for the growing importance of foreign risk management can be found in the globalization of business activities, in which competition has increased and profit margins have declined. A final explanation we offer is the growing number of opportunities to manage risks. Based on the problem discussion our research objectives are formulated as follows: To review and critically analyse the practices adopt by the Indian exporters to hedge the forex risk. To evaluate the impact of foreign exchange risk on exporters and exports of a country like India To critically compile the issues faced by the Indian exporters in hedging foreign exchange risk. Based on the above stated research objectives the following research questions have been developed: RQ 1: How the export company determines foreign exchange risk? RQ 2: Which level the company can actively manage foreign exchange risk? RQ 3: How it can hedge the forex risk? RQ 4: What techniques are preferred by company in its forex risk management? 1.4 Relevance of Research Currently there is a scarcity of research papers about currency exposure management in companies in emerging markets. Theoretical studies like that of Copeland and Copeland (1999) are usually supported by the findings from developed countries (the USA, Canada, the UK). Therefore, the application of such studies might be complicated in developing markets. Researchers that analyze the foreign exposure management in companies often use large samples and questionnaires to evaluate the derivate use, and are successful in describing countries with well-developed markets. For emerging markets like India such quantitative approaches are extremely rare. Most often the situation with currency exposure management and application of derivatives by non-financial institutions is reflected in the newspapers. Yet, these articles are not academic papers and serve only as descriptions of the situation. Therefore, this study will be distinctive in several areas. First, it concentrates on India and will contribute to the increase in the number of academic studies about emerging markets. Second, it will contribute to the business community , as it will analyze the application of derivatives by exporting companies for hedging currency exposure and reveal the causes higher or lower popularity of derivatives. Third, it will apply the theoretical model which was developed based on the practice in developed countries, and test if the results from model application match the empirical findings in reality in India. 1.5 Outline of the Study This dissertation consists of five chapters (see Figure 1.1). In chapter one, a relative broad description is given in the beginning, providing the reader with a background and discussion of issues related to the problem area. This discussion lands in a specific research problem, which has been broken down into research questions. Chapter two gives a presentation of theories relevant for the research problem. Continuously, a description and justification of the methodological approaches chosen in this thesis is given in Chapter three. In chapter four the received empirical data is presented and contains an analysis of the collected data against the theory. Finally, conclusions and implications are presented in chapter five. Literature Review This chapter reviews the literature theory of foreign exchange risk management include the concepts of foreign exchange risks, its characteristics by different types, and hedge theory of foreign exchange risks. 2.1 Foreign exchange risk Whenever a company is running overseas business, the company is exposed to different categories of risk including commercial risk, financial risk, country risk and foreign exchange risk (Oxelheim 1984). Country Risk Foreign Exchange Risk Financial Risk Commercial Risk Figure2.1 The company risk Source: Oxelheim 1984, p14 Foreign exchange risk is commonly defined as the additional variability experienced by a multinational corporation in its worldwide consolidated earnings that results from unexpected currency fluctuations. It is generally understood that this considerable earnings variability can be eliminated-partially or fully-at a cost, the cost of Foreign Exchange Risk Management. (Jacques, 1981). According to Shapiro (2006), foreign exchange rate exposure can be defined as a measure of the potential changes in a firms profitability, net cash flow and market value because of a change in exchange rates. 2.2 The existing classifications of foreign exchange risks In the recent literature of foreign exchange exposure management, the types of exposures are usually summarized and simplified into three categories, translation, transaction, and economic ( Cowdell, 1993; Girnblatt and Titamn, 1998; Eitman et. al.,1998 and Shapiro, 2006). It is conventionally stated that the exposure to currency risk is categorized into three factors; seen below in figure 2.2. Figure 2.2 Types of currency risk exposure Source: Eun et al.,2007 Transaction Exposure The transaction exposure concept concentrates on contractual commitments which involve the actual conversion of currencies. A firms transaction exposure thus consists of its foreign currency accounts receivables and payables, its longer-term foreign currency investments and debt, as well as those of its foreign currency cash positions which are to be exchanged into other currencies. Until these positions are settled, their home currency value may be impaired by unfavorable parity changes. There exist four possibilities by which transaction exposure may arise (Eiteman 2007): When prices are stated in foreign currencies and the firm decides to purchase or sell goods or services. When borrowing or lending funds while contractual agreements on repayment are to be make in a foreign currency. When becoming a party to an unimplemented foreign exchange forward contract. When incurring liabilities or acquiring assets which are denominated in foreign currencies. The total transaction exposure consists of quotation exposure, backlog exposure and billing exposure, see figure 2.3: Figure 2.3 The life span of a transaction exposure Source: Eiteman et al., 2007 2.2.2 Economic Exposure The economic exposure, also called the operating exposure, measures any change in the present value of a company resulting from changes in future operating cash flows caused by unexpected changes in currency exchange rates. The analysis of economic exposure assesses the result of changing exchange rates on a companys own operations over coming months and years and on its competitive position in comparison with other companies. By measuring the effects on future cash flows related to economic exposure, the goal is to identify strategic moves or operating techniques that a company might wish to adopt in order to enhance its value in the face of unexpected exchange rate changes (Eiteman et al., 2007). Loderer and Pichler (2002) assert that firms often manage economic exposure by lending and borrowing in foreign currencies. He cites the following reasons for not hedging economic exposure: firms are unable to measure the size and the currency of future expected cash flows with much confidence, firms already hedge transaction exposure, firms consider that in the long term currency fluctuations offset each others. Surprisingly, the cost of hedging economic exposure is not an obstacle. 2.2.3 Translation exposure By consolidating its financial statements, a parent company with foreign operations must translate the assets and liabilities of its foreign subsidiaries, which are stated in a foreign currency, into the reporting currency of the parent firm. Basically, foreign subsidiaries must restate their local currency into the main reporting currency so the foreign values can be added to the parents reporting currency denominated balance sheet and income statement. The translation is usually used for measuring a subsidiarys performance(McInnes, 1971), providing accurate information for decision makers and investors (Ross, 1992; Bartov, 1995), and for both internal and external users (Sercu and Uppal, 1995). The common reason for translation from a foreign currency into the home currency is to meet the requirements of accounting regulations of home countries. External Hedging Methods As it is shown, the exposure to currency risk may involve current business transactions, future business transactions as well as financial statement translations. However, as there are factors or risk, so are there strategies for dealing with them. For companies, there are a number of external methods to use for the management of currency risk, namely the use of financial derivatives. The name derivative arises from the fact that the value of these instruments is derived from an underlying asset like a stock or a currency. By using these instruments it is possible to reduce the risks associated with the management of corporate cash flow, a method known as hedging. Financial market hedging instruments include (Butler, 2004): Fig 2.4: External Hedging Techniques 2.3.1 Foreign Exchange Forwards A foreign exchange forward is an agreement to buy or sell one currency at a certain future date for a certain price with a specific amount. It is the most common instrument used to hedge currency risk. The predetermined exchange rate is the forward exchange rate. The amount of the transaction, the transaction date, and the exchange rate are all determined in advance where the exchange rate is fixed on the day of the contract but the actual exchange takes place on a pre-determined date in the future. In major currencies, forward contracts can be available daily with maturities of up to 30, 90 or 180 days (Bodie Marcus 2008). A survey by Belk and Glaum (1990) indicates that the most common method used to hedge exchange rate risk is the forward contract. An empirical study of Pramborg (2002), also demonstrates that firms can be fully hedged with forward contracts. 2.3.2 Currency Futures In principle, a futures contract can be arranged for any product or commodity, including financial instruments and currencies. A currency futures contract is a commitment to deliver a specific amount of a specified currency at a specified date for an agreed price incorporated in the contract. The futures perform a similar function to a forward contract, but it has some major differences. Fig 2.5 Currency Futures The specific characteristics of currency futures include (Pike et.al., 1992): They are marketable instruments traded on organized futures markets. Futures can be completed (liquidated) before the contracted date, whereas a forward contract has to run to maturity. They are relatively inflexible, being available for only a limited range of currencies and for standardized maturity dates. The dealings occur in standard lot sizes, or contracts. They require a down-payment of margin of about 5 percent of the contract value, whereas forward contracts involve a single payment at maturity. Futures are usually cheaper than forwards contracts, requiring a small commission payment rather than a buy / sell spread. Table 2.1 provides a clearer summary of the major differences between forward and futures contracts. Table 2.1: Major Differences between Forward and Futures Contracts Forward Contracts Futures Contracts Customized contracts in terms of size and delivery dates Standardized contracts in terms of size and delivery dates Private contracts between two parties Standardized contracts between a customer and a clearing house Difficult to reverse a contract Contract may be freely traded on the market Profit and loss on a position is realized only on the delivery date All contracts are marked to market- the profit and loss are realized immediately. No explicit collateral, but standard bank relationship necessary Collateral (margins) must be maintained to reflect price movements Delivery or final cash settlement usually takes place. Contract is usually closed out prior to Maturity Source: Hull (2006), Moffett et al (2006) and Solnik and McLeavey (2004). 2.3.3 Currency options A foreign exchange option which is different from currency forward contracts and currency futures is to give the holder of the contract the right to buy or sell a certain amount of a certain currency at a predetermined price (also called strike or exercise price) until or on a specified date, but he is not obliged to do so. The seller of a currency option has obligation to perform the contract. The right to buy is a call; the right to sell, a put. There is option premium needed to pay by those who obtain such a right. The holder of a call option can benefit from a price increases (profit is the difference between the market price and the strike price plus the premium), while can choose not to excise when the price decreases (locked in loss of the option premium). Vice versa is for the holder of a put option. For the advantages of simplicity, flexibility, lower cost than the forward, and the predicted maximum losswhich is the premium, the currency option has become increasing popular as a hedging devise to protect firms against the exchange movements. Whenever there is uncertainty in the size of cash flows and the timing of cash flows, currency option contracts would be superior to traditional hedging instruments such as forward contracts and futures contracts. Grant and Marshall (1997) examined the extent of derivative use and the reasons for their use by carried out surveys in 250 large UK companies, found that a widespread use of both forwards and options(respectively 96% and 59%). The pointed that comparing to the primary reasons for the use of forwards were company policy, commercial reasons and risk aversion, a good understanding of instrument, and price were prominent while the primary reasons to use option for company management. 2.3.4 Currency Swaps Currency swaps are a hedging instrument for which two parties agree to swap a debt denominated in one currency for that in another currency. For example, an agreement between two firms to swap their debts of which one is denominated in Euro and that in US dollar (Leger and Fortin, 1994). In order to explain the use of currency of swaps, a Japanese firm that has exports to Australia is given as an example. The Japanese firm wants to protect its Australian-dollar receivables by using currency swap to match inflows in one currency with outflows in a foreign currency (natural hedging). Assuming the Japanese firm is not well recognized in the US financial markets, it may obtain funds from a domestic bank to swap with another firm that has dollar-denominated debt. This process is carried out by the swap dealers (usually banks) as an intermediary. The common objective of this type of transaction is that firms want to alter various future currency cash flows in its schedules into a particular currency for which its future revenues will be generated (Eiteman et.al 1998). The preference of particular currency is caused by several factors, such as, capital market segmentation, differences in regulation governing investment by institutional investors and asymmetry in the tax treatment of interest income and capital gains/losses (Jacque 1996). Although there are other types of swaps involving foreign currencies, such as, foreign currency forward swaps, plain vanilla, and a three-way back-to-back currency swap, they are designated primarily for hedging interest rate exposure. 2.4 Internal hedging methods For the reason that external hedging techniques with derivatives to manage foreign exchange exposure are often costly, many multinational firms would rather turn to consider using internal hedging devices such as Michael (2006): Currency matching, which involves pairing suitably a multinational firms foreign currency inflows and outflows with respect to amount and timing Currency netting, which involves the consolidated settlement of receivables, payables and debt among the subsidiaries of a multinational firm Invoicing in domestic currency, which reduces transaction risk primarily related to exports and imports. 2.5 Fundamental Philosophy behind Hedging We have presented that authors embrace hedging as insurance, and hedging as a value-enhancing tool. We believe the common view of hedging can be summarized as follows: Hedging is one of the three most fundamental reasons for the existence of the financial market, alongside speculative and arbitrage activities (JÃ ¼ttner, 2000). The hedging industry is evolving just like the rest of the business world. In fact, there is no definite set of tools or technique that can define hedging. As the world changes, new hedging mechanisms are derived; and as time passes, these mechanisms are refined and evolve into something new that can be better applied to the contemporary commercial marketplace (Batten et al, 1993; Faff and Chan, 1998; Alster, 2003;). Hedging is not a way of making money, but to assist management in better managing corporate revenue through reducing the corporate exposure to volatility in the foreign currency markets (Nguyen and Faff, 2002, 2003a; Anac and Gozen, 2003; Alster, 2003; De Roon et al., 2003; and Dinwoodie and Morris 2003). When used prudently, hedging can be effective insurance as well as a value-enhancing exercise for corporations. Effective hedging programs have been proven to allow corporations to minimize or transfer their foreign currency exposure. The diminished exposure to foreign currency fluctuations allows more stable and predictable cash-flows, notably in terms of revenue. As a result, firms are then capable of making more comprehensive financial plans, including more reliable estimations on tax, income after tax and dividends payable to shareholders. It is believed that a dividend payout is often of significant appeal to long-term, current or prospective shareholders (Nguyen and Faff, 2002, 2003b; Alster, 2003; Anac and Gozen, 2003; De Roon et al., 2003; and Dinwoodie and Morris, 2003). The three main questions surrounding hedging: when, what and how to hedge are shown in Figure 2.2 below as a decision tree. How to Hedge? Hedge Ratio 10% 50% 100% OR Any Ratio between 0.1%-99.9% What to Hedge? When to Hedge? Financial Tools Forward Futures Options Swap Hedge Under Currency Risk Exposure Non-Financial Tools Leading Lagging Fully participating market movements No Hedge Fig 2.7 Generic Hedging Decision Tree The question to hedge or not to hedge is a complex and controversial one in financial risk management. Natural hedges carry no explicit out of pocket cost and intrinsically form a better offset to economic exposures and so generally are preferred to synthetic hedges. Synthetic hedging can be likened to insurance, where the company incurs an explicit cost to reduce the risk or volatility inherent in its business results. The cost must be weighed against the risk-reducing benefits of the transactions, taking into account their precision and effectiveness. The real drivers of any hedging decision are 1) what is the risk tolerance of the company; and 2) what cost is acceptable for entering into transactions to reduce or eliminate the risk. Foreign currency-denominated activities engaged by Indian Exporters Expected payments of foreign exchange from trade Expected receipts of foreign exchange from trade Liabilities Assets Debt Debt Equity Net trade foreign exchange exposure (before derivates) Net balance sheet foreign exchange exposure (before derivatives) Foreign exchange Derivatives Net foreign exchange exposure (after derivatives) Fig 2.8: Decision to Hedge Foreign Currency Exposures Some managers feel strongly that hedging either should always be done or never done, and their approaches vary tremendously. Indeed, there is an academic perspective that hedging is never appropriate since risks like FX exposure represent diversifiable risks from the shareholder perspective, and thus, the cost is wasted effort for shareholders. Some managers share this view, but most multinational businesses of significant size engage in some financial hedging transactions. Major arguments for and against hedging are displayed in Table 2.2 Table 2.2: Theoretical Arguments on Hedging For Against Managing earnings volatility for FX risk can reduce a firms potential cost of financial distress. PPP and CIP imply compensating levels of FX rates and prices. Firms in financial distress face higher contracting costs with customers, suppliers, and employees. FX rates even out over time. Firms that hedge and reduce their earnings volatility pay less taxes over the long run if tax rates increase the income levels. With transactions costs, hedging is a losing bet on average. Managing FX risk and smoothing earnings volatility has a positive effect on stock price and shareholder value. Shareholders can diversify their own portfolios to compensate for FX risk.

Saturday, July 20, 2019

Daniel Defoe and Robinson Crusoe :: Defoe Robinson Crusoe Essays

Daniel Defoe was an extraordinary man. Although he never had the benefit of a university education, he spoke six languages and was able to read even more. His curriculum included having been a government spy, a shopkeeper, and a journalist. As the latter, he was employed by both major parties. Of course, serving two lord is impossible, so after he got into trouble with both of these parties, he turned to writing as another means of living. The first major difference between Defoe's work and most other books dating from this time is that Robinson Crusoe is really entertaining, quite exhilarating and at times even amusing to read. This is in sharp contrast to most contemporary novels which stuck to a Spartan diet of unreality and dullness, their only charm lying in the complete strangeness to anything human. Basically, most stories at the time were chronicles of wonderful, magical events, not even attempting to resemble human life at all. Robinson Crusoe was one of the first few books to have characters with whom a reader could actually identify. Therefore, it was very popular and this idea of recognition of oneself in a character in a book is nowadays only discussed when it fails, implying that it now has become a natural 'recipe' for writing any book.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Most of today's popsongs become 'hits' due to a hook; a melodic chorus or instrumental piece which basically does not need to convey any meaning whatsoever. Its only function is to keep the listener listening. Defoe also had grasped the idea of a hook. Only his is fairly bigger, namely about 10 pages, than your average popsong-hook, which contains 4-5 words, if any... For sometimes the lyrics are degraded to a repeated monosyllabic sound. Defoe put this theory into practice in Robinson Crusoe. First, he has Robinson's father lecture him on `the middle station' which is apparently `the best state in the world.' Of course, this little section is only needed to charm his middle-class audience. By refusing his father's ideas, Robinson already seems like an ungrateful son in the eyes of the reader.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Defoe adds more Christian morals as Robinson sinks deeper into sin. He drinks his repentance away after his first encounter with a storm, he refuses to listen to the captain who tells him 'you ought to take this for a plain and visible token that you are not to be a seafaring man.